Rev Esp Quimioter 2016, 29(Suppl. 1):35-38

Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: current epidemiology, therapeutic regimens, new drugs                     

CRISTINA GÓMEZ-AYERBE, MARÍA JESÚS VIVANCOS, SANTIAGO MORENO          

Multidrug and extensively resistant tuberculosis are especially severe forms of the disease for which no efficacious therapy exists in many cases. All the countries in the world have registered cases, although most of them are diagnosed in resource-limited countries from Asia, Africa and South America. For adequate treatment, first- and second-line antituberculosis drugs have to be judiciously used, but the development of new drugs with full activity, good tolerability and little toxicity is urgently needed. There are some drugs in development, some of which are already available through expanded-access programs.

Rev Esp Quimioter 2016; 29(Suppl. 1):35-38 [pdf]

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Rev Esp Quimioter 2016, 29(6):318-327

Key issues in the infected patient care in the Emergency Department                     

FLAVIA CHIARELLA, JUAN GONZÁLEZ-DEL CASTILLO, FRANCISCO JAVIER CANDEL, ERIC JORGE GARCÍA- LAMBERECHTS, MARÍA JOSÉ NÚÑEZ-ORANTOS, FRANCISCO JAVIER MARTÍN-SÁNCHEZ REPRESENTING THE INFECTIOUS DISEASE GROUP OF SPANISH EMERGENCY MEDICINE SOCIETY          

Objective. To develop a set of recommendations, by consensus of Emergency Medicine experts, on key aspects related to the care of adult patients with acute infection attended in Spanish emergency departments (ED).    
Methodology. The study was divided into three phases: 1) To design a questionnaire by a coordinating group; 2) To conduct a survey in ED physicians in order to know their opinion on the issues raised by the coordinating group; 3) To develop a number of recommendations based on the responses to the questionnaire and their subsequent discussion.
Results. A group of 28 experts from different Spanish ED, as well as 5 members of the coordinating group, with knowledge and experience in the management of infectious diseases in ED, conducted a round of voting to a questionnaire of 18 issues grouped into three sections: 1) identification and stratification of the severity; 2) diagnosis and treatment; 3) management.   
Conclusions. A monitoring system and proper training of the entire healthcare team are required, as well as extensive knowledge on these issues, to ensure adequate and effective care for these patients. It is essential to educate and train all health staff, especially in the ED, because it is the initial point of contact for most patients with an infection. The experts established proposals based on survey questions and the discussion.

Rev Esp Quimioter 2016; 29(6):318-327 [pdf]

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Rev Esp Quimioter 2016, 29(2):91-98

Changes in the epidemiology of gastroenteritis caused by Salmonella during 2005-2014 in Salamanca, Spain    

                        

OLAIA CORES-CALVO, LUIS FÉLIX VALERO-JUAN, ENRIQUE GARCÍA-SÁNCHEZ, JOSÉ ELÍAS GARCÍA-SÁNCHEZ, MARÍA INMACULADA GARCÍA-GARCÍA             

Background. In Spain there are not many updated population studies about salmonellosis, despite being one of the most common etiologies of acute gastroenteritis (AGEs) caused by bacteria in the world. The aim of the study was to know the most relevant epidemiological features of AGEs produced by Salmonella spp. between 2005 and 2014 in Salamanca (Spain).
Methods. Descriptive cross-sectional study carried out through review of the clinical microbiologic records at Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca. Culture, isolation, identification and serotyping were performed according to standard methodology.
Results. Salmonella was isolated in 1,477 patients, representing 47.7% of all positive stool cultures and 53.3% of all income bacterial AGE. The average prevalence was 42.1 cases/100,000 people per year. The mean age was 23 ± 28 years and the median 7 years. 40.2% of all isolates occurred in children under 5 years, with an average prevalence of 45.1 cases/ 10,000 people per year. Overall, the most frequently isolated serotype was S. Typhimurium with 57%, followed by S. Enteritidis with 35.8%.
Conclusions. The prevalence of Salmonella decreased over time. The group aged 0-4 years had the highest rate throughout the period. However, Salmonella produced the highest percentage of hospitalizations for bacterial AGE. In recent years, S. Typhimurium serotype has replaced S. Enteritidis serotype and predominates in younger patients. It is observed under-reporting of cases of salmonellosis produced in Salamanca despite being mandatory notification of these since 2007.

Rev Esp Quimioter 2016; 29(2):91-98 [pdf]

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Rev Esp Quimioter 2016, 29(4):214-219

Tuberculous prosthetic knee joint infection: a case report and literature review                     

ANA LARA-OYA, Mª DEL CARMEN LIÉBANA-MARTOS, JAVIER RODRÍGUEZ-GRANGER,  ANTONIO SAMPEDRO-MARTÍNEZ, LUIS ALIAGA-MARTÍNEZ, JOSÉ GUTIERREZ-FERNÁNDEZ, JOSÉ Mª NAVARRO-MARÍ          

Introduction. Prosthetic late infection occurs in the second month after surgery in the context of haematogenous spread from another source. Prosthetic mycobacterial infection is a rare complication whose clinical management is not standardized.
Case. Patient of 77 years with no personal history except for diabetes and a prosthetic replacement of right knee with osteoarthritis three years ago.  Patient goes to hospital emergency box for 6 months pain in the right knee with mechanical inflammatory signs but no fever associated. After their return within 5 days and clinical worsening is reporting growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in knee aspirate and antitubercular treatment is established for 9 months. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging studies also confirmed the diagnosis of tuberculosis spondylitis in the clinical context of the patients. After surgery, M. tuberculosis was again isolated from intraoperative samples and therefore the patient received another batch of treatment for 9 months. After a year of monitoring, the development was acceptable but few months later, the patient died for cardiovascular causes. In the literature review, 15 publications with a total of 17 clinical cases of prosthetic infection by M. tuberculosis were found from 1980 to 2014.    
Conclusion. Prosthetic tuberculous arthritis, although it is a rare presentation, it should be noted, especially in patients with predisposing conditions with a history of tuberculosis infection.

Rev Esp Quimioter 2016; 29(4):214-219 [pdf]

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Rev Esp Quimioter 2016, 29(Suppl. 1):39-42

Old and new antibiotics for therapy of multidrug resistant bacteria                     

VICENTE PINTADO          

The lack of new antibiotics for multidrug-resistant bacteria is a matter of concern in microorganisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, ESBL- and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter baumannii, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcous aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. This situation has conditioned the reuse of “old” antibiotics (colistin, fosfomycin), the use of more recent antibiotics with new indications or dosage regimens (tigecycline, meropenem) and the introduction of “new” antibiotics (β-lactams, lipoglycopeptides, oxazolidinones) that are the subject of this review.

Rev Esp Quimioter 2016; 29(Suppl. 1):39-42 [pdf]

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Rev Esp Quimioter 2016, 29(6):288-295

Determinants of parasite drug resistance in human lymphatic filariasis                     

FERNANDO COBO           

Infection with filarial nematodes remains endemic in several countries worldwide and some of these infections are commonly associated with severe disease. The elimination of lymphatic filariasis relies on drug administration using the three drugs currently available for treatment: diethylcarbamazine, albendazole, and ivermectin. However, development of drug resistance is a reported phenomenon. The issue of resistance to antihelminthics used in humans has become increasing importance since the global program to eliminate lymphatic filariasis is implemented in larger population groups and the duration of the program is increasing. Recently, ivermectin resistance has been reported in Ghana, and widespread of resistance to benzimidazole (such as albendazole) is present because specific mutations in the gene encoding β-tubulin have been associated with drug resistance. Moreover, it is well known that diethylcarbamazine susceptibility is not 100% for lymphatic filariasis treatment. A review of the mechanisms of resistance to these antihelminthics is necessary in order to optimize the treatment for human lymphatic filariasis.

Rev Esp Quimioter 2016; 29(6):288-295  [pdf]

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Rev Esp Quimioter 2016, 29(2):55-68

Current status in outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy: a practical view  

                    
FRANCISCO JAVIER CANDEL, AGUSTÍN JULIÁN-JIMÉNEZ, JUAN GONZÁLEZ-DEL CASTILLO             

Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) programs are a current and widely spread trend in clinical practice because of it´s a cost-effective option, it´s associated with a greater comfort for the patient, a lower risk of nosocomial complications and an important cost saving for the health care system. OPAT is used for treating a wide range of infections, including skin and soft tissue infections, osteoarticular infections, bacteraemia, endocarditis and complex intra-abdominal and urinary tract infections, even in presence of multiresistant microorganisms. Correct choice of antimicrobial agent and adequate patient selection are crucial for reaching therapeutic success and avoiding readmissions, treatment prolongation or treatment-related toxicity. The optimal antimicrobial for OPAT must be highly effective, have a long half-life and an adequate spectrum of action. Ceftriaxone and teicoplanin are currently the most prescribed antibiotics for OPAT, though daptomycin and ertapenem are also on the rise, due to their high efficiency, safety and wide spectrum of action. Antibiotics that are stable at room temperature can be administered through a continuous perfusion, though self-administration is preferable although it requires training of the patient or the caregiver. Factors that are most frequently associated with OPAT failure include advanced age, recent hospitalization and isolation of multiresistant microorganisms.

Rev Esp Quimioter 2016; 29(2):55-68 [pdf]

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Rev Esp Quimioter 2016, 29(5):255-258

Activity of linezolid and tedizolid against clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant and methicillin and linezolid resistant Staphylococcus aureus: an in vitro comparison                     

MARINA PEÑUELAS, FRANCISCO JAVIER CANDEL, CLARA LEJARRAGA,  LAURA LÓPEZ-GONZÁLEZ, JOSE MANUEL VIÑUELA-PRIETO, DIEGO LÓPEZ DE MENDOZA          

Introduction. The prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Spain is approximately 20-30%. However, resistance to linezolid is rare, and the main reports are from nosocomial outbreaks. The objective of the present study was to compare the in vitro susceptibility of linezolid with that of tedizolid against MRSA isolates and methicillin-and linezolid-resistant isolates (MLRSA) mediated by the cfr gene.
Material and methods. The in vitro susceptibility of linezolid and tedizolid was determined using the E-test with 18 MRSA strains and 18 cfr-mediated MLRSA strains obtained from clinical isolates in the microbiology service of a tertiary university hospital.
Results. All MRSA strains were susceptible to both antibiotics. Analysis of the MRSA isolates revealed that the MIC50 and MIC90 of linezolid were 1.5 and 2 mg/L, respectively; those of tedizolid were 0.25 and 0.4 mg/L. The MIC50 and MIC90 of tedizolid remained at 0.75 and 1 mg/L against the MLRSA strains (MIC90 ≥ 8 mg/L).
Conclusions. Both for MRSA and for MLRSA, the MICs obtained for tedizolid were at least 2 dilutions lower than those of linezolid, thus demonstrating between 2 and 4 times greater activity in vitro than linezolid.

Rev Esp Quimioter 2016; 29(5):255-258 [pdf]

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Rev Esp Quimioter 2016, 29(Suppl. 1):43-46

Monotherapy vs. combined therapy in the treatment of multi-drug resistance gramnegative bacteria                     

FERNANDO MARTÍNEZ-SAGASTI, MIGUEL ÁNGEL GONZÁLEZ-GALLEGO, ALEJANDRO MONEO-GONZÁLEZ          

The increasing number of multidrug resistant gram negative bacteria, particularly in patients with risk factors, but in those who suffer community infections as well, is doing more and more difficult to choose the appropriate treatment. The most challenging cases are due to the production of extended-spectrum-β-lactamases (ESBL) and carbapenemases. This mini-review will discuss the adequacy of administering carbapenems when suspecting infections due to ESBL that could be modified after knowing the MIC of the isolated bacteria and the combined therapy in cases of carbapenemases, being particularly important to include a carbapenem and/or colistine at high dosages in this combination.

Rev Esp Quimioter 2016; 29(Suppl. 1):43-46 [pdf]

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Rev Esp Quimioter 2016, 29(3):113-118

Bacteriobilia: a non-resolved problem  

                    
CARLOS ARMIÑANZAS, LUIS ANTONIO HERRERA, MARÍA CARMEN FARIÑAS             

Bile duct is usually sterile, and the isolating of microorganisms (bacteriobilia) has been related to some factors, such as age, biliary drainage before pancreatic surgery or bile duct stones. Gramnegative strains remain the most frequent pathogens, especially Escherichia coli. Among grampositives Enterococcus spp should be mentioned.
Currently, there is controversy about whether the presence of bacteriobilia has an impact on unfavorable outcome of biliary disease or surgical procedures or mortality rates, with complications such as surgical site infections or bacteremia.
In high-risk patients, such as immunosuppressed or those underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy, bile duct cultures performed routinely, even if there are not clinical data of infection, could be necessary in order to start antibiotic treatment or to reduce its spectrum.

Rev Esp Quimioter 2016; 29(3):113-118 [pdf]

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