Rev Esp Quimioter 2016, 29(Suppl. 1):66-71

Current management of imported severe malaria                     

EMMANUELE VENANZI, ROGELIO LÓPEZ-VÉLEZ          

Severe malaria is a diagnostic and therapeutic emergency with great impact worldwide for incidence and mortality. The clinical presentation of severe malaria can be very polymorphic and rapidly progressing. Therefore a correct diagnosis and an early and adequate antiparasitic and support therapy are essential. This paper attempts to outline the diagnosis frame and the treatment of severe malaria for adults, paediatric patients and for pregnant.

Rev Esp Quimioter 2016; 29(Suppl. 1):66-71 [pdf]

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Rev Esp Quimioter 2016;29(1):1-7

Current status of drug treatment against the disease caused by the Ebola virus     

                        
JORDI REINA              

The recent epidemic of disease caused by the Ebola virus has highlighted the need to develop specific drugs and have to deal with this entity. According to virological analysis they have been designed to give you some new drugs and are proven to others might be effective against this virus.
The main lines of therapy are based on immunotherapy (convalescent serum of patients and specific monoclonal an-tibodies), antiviral drugs (favipiravir, BCX4430, brincidofovir), interfering RNAs (TKM-Ebola) and antisense oligonucleotides (morpholino phosphorodiamidate) and other drugs no antiviral (clomiphene NSC62914, FGI-103, amiloride and ouabain).
Existing studies are scarce and mainly in animal models and clinical trials have been inconclusive most by the drastic reduction in the number of new cases.
However, progress has been made in the biological knowl-edge of Ebola virus and have been located new therapeutic tar-gets for the future development of specific antiviral.

Rev Esp Quimioter 2016;29(1):1-7 [pdf]

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Rev Esp Quimioter 2016, 29(3):119-122

An antimicrobial stewardship program reduces antimicrobial therapy duration and hospital stay in surgical wards   

                    
ROBERT GÜERRI-FERNÁNDEZ, JUDIT VILLAR-GARCÍA, SABINA HERRERA-FERNÁNDEZ, MARTA TRENCHS-RODRÍGUEZ, JORDI FERNÁNDEZ-MORATO, LUCÍA MORO, JOAN SANCHO, LUIS GRANDE, ALBERT CLARÁ, SANTIAGO GRAU, JUAN PABLO HORCAJADA             

An antimicrobial stewardship program reduces antimicrobial therapy duration and hospital stay in surgical wardsWe report a quasi-experimental study of the implementation of an antimicrobial stewardship program in two surgical wards, with a pre-intervention period with just assessment of prescription and an intervention period with a prospective audit on antibiotic prescription model. There was a significant reduction of length of stay and the total days of antimicrobial administration. There were no differences in mortality between groups. The antimicrobial stewardship program led to the early detection of inappropriate empirical antibiotic treatment and was associated with a significant reduction in length of stay and the total duration of antimicrobial therapy.

Rev Esp Quimioter 2016; 29(3):119-122 [pdf]

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Rev Esp Quimioter 2016, 29(5):244-248

About microbiological methods for detection of oxacillin resistance in coagulase-negative staphylococci                     

MIGUEL FAJARDO, ROCÍO HIDALGO, JORGE GAITÁN, ROSA SÁNCHEZ-SILOS, PALOMA MARTÍN-CORDERO          

Introduction. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) take part of the human skin and mucous membranes, but they are also involving in infections with the increasing use of prosthetic, indwelling devices or intravascular catheter-related bacteraemia. They are more resistance than Staphylococcus aureus against a wide range of antimicrobial agents, and it have been observed an increase in morbidity and mortality of patients with incorrect treatment.
Material and methods. To analyze the results obtained by different commercial techniques: two automatic microdilution systems (MicroScan and Vitek2 Compact), PBP2a agglutiation test, with and without 1 μg oxacillin disk induction, and detection of mecA gene by nucleic acids amplification techniques, for the diagnosis of methicillin resistance staphylococci in 170 strains of CoNS isolated from blood cultures.
Results. One hundred and seventy methicillin resistance staphylococci were detected by MicroScan, 167 strains by Vitek 2 Compact, 115 strains were PBP2a positive without oxacillin induction and 168 after oxacillin induction. Finally, 167 strains were mecA gene positive detected by nucleic acids amplification techniques.
Conclusions. It is necessary to do oxacillin induction before PBP2a test to avoid false negatives. There are a great variability in the phenotypic expression of methicillin resistance in CoNS.

Rev Esp Quimioter 2016; 29(5):244-248 [pdf]

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Rev Esp Quimioter 2016, 29(Suppl. 1):72-75

Resistance to the antimalarial drugs                     

EMMANUELE VENANZI, ROGELIO LÓPEZ-VÉLEZ          

Malaria is one of the most widespread infectious diseases around the world with 214 million cases and 438,000 deaths in 2015. In the early twentieth century it was described for the first time the resistance to quinine and, since then, drug resistance to antimalarial drugs has spread up to represent a global challenge in the fight and control of malaria. Understanding the mechanisms, geography and monitoring tools that we can act against resistance to antimalarial drugs is critical to prevent its expansion.

Rev Esp Quimioter 2016; 29(Suppl. 1):72-75 [pdf]

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Rev Esp Quimioter 2016;29(1):25-31

Dual therapy as an alternative treatment in HIV pretreatred patients: experience in a tertiary hospital     

                        
 LUCIA YUNQUERA-ROMERO, ROCÍO ASENSI-DÍEZ, MACARENA GAJARDO-ÁLVAREZ, ISABEL MUÑOZ-CASTILLO              

Introduction. Dual therapy regimen might be an effective alternative to prevent the occurrence of side effects and comorbidities associated with prolonged treatment with antiretroviral (ARV) and a way of simplification of antiretroviral therapy (ART) to improve adherence in certain patients. It also represents a potential treatment option for patients who have failed previous TAR.
Methods. The aim of the study is to describe the effectiveness, adherence and costs of dual therapy regimen used in pretreated HIV patients in tertiary hospital.
Results. Thirty-eight patients were studied (eight were excluded). Reasons for simplification to dual therapy were previous treatment toxicity (40%), simplification (36.67%) and virological rescue (20%). The dual therapy regimens most used were: IP/r + INSTIs (26.67%), IP/r + NRTIs (23.33%), IP/r + NNR-TIs (23.33%), IP/r+ CCR5 (16.66%) e INSTIs + NNRTIs (10%). ARV more used were darunavir/ritonavir (DRV/r) + raltegravir (23.33 %); DRV/r + lamivudine (20%) y DRV/r + etravirine (16.67 %). Adherence was 86.79% before switching to dual therapy and 96.27% after switching. The cost savings of switching to dual therapy of these patients was € 3,635.16.
Discussion. Dual therapy with IP/r might be an effective alternative to selected treatment experienced patients compared with conventional therapy.

Rev Esp Quimioter 2016;29(1):25-31 [pdf]

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Rev Esp Quimioter 2016, 29(3):151-154

Identification and in vitro antifungal susceptibility of vaginal Candida spp. isolates to fluconazole, clotrimazole, and nystatin   

                    
MARIA CRISTINA DIAZ, ROSSANNA CAMPONOVO, INGRID ARAYA, ANN CERDA, MARÍA PAOLA SANTANDER, ALFONSO-JAVIER CARRILLO-MUÑOZ             

Objective. The aim of this study was to identify and determine the in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing to clotrimazole, fluconazole, and nystatin of 145 clinical isolates of Candida spp.
Material and methods. M27-A3 microdilution method was used to determine minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and partial MICs (MIC50 and MIC90) of drugs. A total of 145 isolates were studied, 126 were C. albicans, 16 C. glabrata, 2 C. parapsilosis y 1 C. tropicalis.
Results. MIC50 and MIC90 for FLZ against C. albicans were 0.25 mg/L and 1 mg/L respectively and for C. glabrata was achieved at 8 mg/L and 16 mg/L for fluconazole. Five isolates of C. albicans and one isolate of C. tropicalis were in vitro resistant to fluconazole (M27-S4). In C. albicans MIC50 and MIC90 for clotrimazole were of 0.03 mg/L and 0.06 mg/L, respectively. These values for C. glabrata were 0.25 mg/L and 1 mg/L, respectively. Five C. glabrata and 1 C. tropicalis were in vitro resistant to clotrimazole. MIC50 and MIC90 of nystatin were of 1 mg/L and 2 mg/L, respectively for C. albicans and C. glabrata.
Conclusion. In this study, C. albicans is the most frequently isolated yeast, followed by C. glabrata. The antifungals tested were found to be in vitro active for the isolates, except for 6 isolates for fluconazole and 6 to clotrimazole.

Rev Esp Quimioter 2016; 29(3):151-154 [pdf]

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Rev Esp Quimioter 2016, 29(Suppl. 1):1-5

Update in Infectious Diseases 2016                     

FRANCISCO JAVIER CANDEL, ANA BELÉN GARCÍA-GARCÍA, MARINA PEÑUELAS, ANA GARCÍA-ALVAREZ, FLAVIA CHIARELLA, LAURA LÓPEZ-GONZÁLEZ, CRISTINA GARCÍA-SALGUERO, CLARA LEJÁRRAGA, ICIAR RODRÍGUEZ-AVIAL          

Antimicrobial resistance increases it health, social and economic impact. in all areas (state, regional and local), initiatives to try to contain the problem of resistance arise. In the update of this year 2016, we study microbiological, epidemiological and clinical aspects of multi-resistant bacteria, as well as resources for therapeutic approach, from ancient to modern drugs from therapeutic combinations to optimization Stewardship programs. In the case of fungal infection, we analyze clinical scenarios with different species in yeast or new clinical settings in filamentous fungi. Taking paediatric population, homologies and differences with adults in invasive fungal infection were compared. Finally in the field of parasitology, treatment of severe malaria imported or that resistant to antimalarial drugs were reviewed.

Rev Esp Quimioter 2016; 29(Suppl. 1):1-5 [pdf]

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Rev Esp Quimioter 2016, 29(5):259-264

The use of ertapenem for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in routine hospital practice: a matched cohort study                     

DOLORES SOUSA, JOSÉ MARÍA BRAVO-FERRER, TERESA SEOANE-PILLADO, PATRICIA VÁZQUEZ-RODRÍGUEZ, LUCÍA RAMOS-MERINO, JOSÉ MARÍA GUTIÉRREZ-URBÓN, SALVADOR PITA, PEDRO LLINARES          

Background. The clinical response to ertapenem in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) at the setting of routine hospital practice has been scarcely evaluated.
Methods. We retrospectively compared CAP cases treated with ertapenem or with other standard antimicrobials (controls) at a tertiary 1,434-bed center from 2005 to 2014.
Results. Out of 6,145 patients hospitalized with CAP, 64 (1%) ertapenem-treated and 128 controls were studied (PSI IV-V 72%, mean age 73 years.). A significant higher proportion of bedridden patients (41% vs. 21%), residence in nursing homes (19% vs. 7%), previous use of antibiotics (39% vs. 29%) and necrotizing (13% vs. 1%) or complicated (36% vs. 19%) pneumonia, was observed in the ertapenem vs. non-ertapenem patients. Initial treatment with ertapenem was independently associated with an earlier resolution of signs of infection. In patients aged 65 or older the independent risks factors for mortality were: PSI score (7.0, 95%CI 1.8-27.7), bedridden status (4.6, 95%CI 1.1-20.9) and Health Care Associated Pneumonia (HCAP) (4.6, 95%CI 1.3-16.5). First-line treatment with ertapenem was an independent protector factor in this subgroup of patients (0.1, 95%CI 0.1-0.7).
Conclusions. Ertapenem showed a superior clinical response in frail elderly patients with complicated community-acquired pneumonia, and it may be considered as a first-line therapeutic regimen in this setting.

Rev Esp Quimioter 2016; 29(5):259-264 [pdf]

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