Rev Esp Quimioter 2017, Mar 29

Ceftolozane-tazobactam for the treatment of ventilator-associated infections by colistin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa                     

FRANCISCO ÁLVAREZ LERMA, ROSANA MUÑOZ BERMÚDEZ, SANTIAGO GRAU, MARÍA PILAR GRACIA ARNILLAS, LUISA SORLI, LLUIS RECASENS, MIQUEL MICO GARCÍA           

The use of colistin for the treatment of multiresistant bacteria has led to the emergence of colistin-resistant strains of Gram-negative bacilli. Treatment of infections caused by these pan–drug-resistant bacteria is difficult owing to the paucity of effective antibiotics. We report two cases of ventilator-associated respiratory infection caused by pan–drug-resistant, colistin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa that were successfully treated with ceftolozane-tazobactam.

Rev Esp Quimioter 2017; Mar 29 [pdf]

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Rev Esp Quimioter 2017; 30(1):14-18

Assessment of antibiotic prophylaxis adequacy in rectal surgery                    

JUAN ANTONIO DEL-MORAL-LUQUE, ENRIQUE COLÁS-RUIZ, PABLO GIL-YONTE, JOSÉ MARÍA FERNÁNDEZ-CEBRIÁN, MARÍA CONCEPCIÓN VILLAR-DEL-CAMPO, ALBERTO DELGADO-IRIBARREN, JOSÉ FRANCISCO VALVERDE-CÁNOVAS, GIL RODRÍGUEZ-CARAVACA           

Introduction. Antibiotic prophylaxis is the most suitable tool for preventing surgical site infection (SSI), so the development of guidelines and assessment of its monitoring is essential. In this study protocol compliance of antibiotic prophylaxis in rectal surgery and the effect of its adequacy in terms of pre-ention of SSI was assessed.
Material and methods. Prospective cohort study was conducted from 1 January 2009 to 30 December 2015. The degree of compliance with antibiotic prophylaxis and causes of non-compliance in rectal surgery was evaluated. The incidence of SSI was studied after a maximum period of 30 days of incubation. To assess the effect of prophylaxis non-compliance on SSI the relative risk (RR) adjusted with the aid of a logistic regression model was used.
Results. The study covered a total of 244 patients. The patients infected reached 20 cases with a SSI cumulative incidence of 8.2% (CI95%: 4.8-11.6). Antibiotic prophylaxis was indicated in all patients and was administered in 98% of cases, with an overall protocol compliance 92.5%. The principal cause of non-compliance was the choice of antibiotic 55.6% (n=10). The effect of inadequacy of antibiotic prophylaxis on surgical infection was RR=0.58, CI95%: 0.10-4.10 (P>0.05).
Conclusions. Compliance with antibiotic prophylaxis was high. No relationship between the adequacy of prophylaxis and incidence of surgical site infection in rectal surgery was found.

Rev Esp Quimioter 2017; 30(1):14-18  [pdf]

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Rev Esp Quimioter 2017, Mar 29

A rapid validated UV-HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of the antiretroviral compounds darunavir and raltegravir in their dosage form                     

GABRIEL ESTAN-CEREZO, ANA GARCÍA-MONSALVE, LETICIA SORIANO-IRIGARAY, FRANCISCO JOSÉ RODRÍGUEZ-LUCENA, ANDRÉS NAVARRO-RUIZ           

Introduction. A rapid, simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with ultraviolet detection has been developed for quantification of darunavir and raltegravir in their pharmaceutical dosage form.
Material and methods. The assay enables the measurement of both drugs with a linear calibration curve (R2= 0.999) over the concentration range 5–100 mg/L. The determination was performed on an analytical Tracer Excel 120 ODSB (15×0.4.6 cm) column at 35ºC. The selected wavelength was 254 nm. The mobile phase was a mixture of 0.037 M sodium dihydrogen phosphate buffer, acetonitrile and methanol (40:50:10, v/v/v) at a flow rate of 2.0 mL/min Nevirapine (50 mg/L) was used as internal standard.
Results. Accuracy, intra-day repeatability (n = 5), and inter-day precision (n = 3) were found to be satisfactory, being the accuracy  from -4.33 to 3.88% and precisions were intra-day and inter-day, 0.25% and 4.42% respectively in case of darunavir. Raltegravir intra-day and inter-day precisions lower of 1.01 and 2.36%, respectively and accuracy values bet from -4.02 to 1.06%.
Conclusions. Determination of the darunavir and raltegravir in their dosage form was done with a maximum deviation of 4%. This analytical method is rapid, easily implantable and offers good results..

Rev Esp Quimioter 2017; Mar 29 [pdf]

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Rev Esp Quimioter 2017; 30(1):28-33

Epidemiology and risk factors of patients with intra-abdominal postsurgical infection treated with tigecycline: a cohort study                    

GLORIA TORRES, MIRIAM PAREDES, ALICIA HERNÁNDEZ, CRISTINA GARCÍA, FRANCISCO SÁNCHEZ BUENO, MANUEL CANTERAS, PASCUAL PARRILLA, JOAQUÍN GÓMEZ           

Objectives. To study a cohort of patients with intra-abdominal postsurgical infection treated with tigecycline to analyze its effectiveness and mortality related factors.
Patients and methods.  Prospective study of patients with intra-abdominal postsurgical infection with microbiological isolation and treated with tigecycline.
Results. Out of 103 patients only 61 full fit inclusion criteria. Mean age was 67 year-old and 72% were male. Charlson score was ≥ 3 in 65.5%, being diabetes and colon cancer the most prevalent diseases. Cancer surgery was the most frequent procedure (n=44, 72%) and previous antibiotic administration was present in 43 cases (69%). Pitt score was ≥ 3 in 69% and most prevalent bacteria were Escherichia coli (38 %), Enterococcus spp. (34%; mainly Enterococcus faecium) and Klebsiella pneumoniae together with Enterobacter cloacae (28%). Tigecycline was prescribed alone (17; 28%) or in combination with other antibiotics (44; 72%), mainly meropenem (25; 57%) or amikacin (19, 43%). 11 patients died (18%), all of which suffered extended cancer surgery and isolation of extended-spectrum betalactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae. Factors statistically associated to death in univariate analysis were Charlson score >3, pH <7.3 and leucocyte count >20.000 cells/mm3.
Conclusions. As being a cohort of patients treated with tigecycline, E. faecium isolation was very frequent. Non-fatal evolution was achieved in 82% cases, being tigecycline a potentially good option in the empiric treatment of very severe infections.

Rev Esp Quimioter 2017; 30(1):28-33 [pdf]

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Rev Esp Quimioter 2017, Mar 31

Clinical presentation of candidaemia in elderly patients: experience in a single institution                     

ANA LERMA, ELENA CANTERO, MARÍA SORIANO, BEATRIZ ORDEN, ELENA MUÑEZ, ANTONIO RAMOS-MARTINEZ           

Objective. To analyse the clinical presentation of candidaemia in elderly patients.
Methods. A comparison of clinical presentation of candidaemia cases was carried out in a Spanish tertiary hospital between January 2010 and September 2015.
Results. Forty-five cases (32%) corresponded to elderly patients (≥ 75 years) and 95 cases (68%) to non-elderly patients (16-74 years). A higher proportion of elderly patients presented solid tumour (51% versus 32%, p=0.026) and a lower proportion had undergone solid or hematopoietic transplantation (0% versus 28%, p<0.001). Fewer elderly patients (16 patients, 36%) had a central venous line inserted than non-elderly patients (81 patients, 85%, p<0.001). Isolation of Candida parapsilosis was significantly lower among elderly (13.3%) than among non-elderly patients (32%, p=0.015). Fundoscopy was carried out in 20 elderly (44%) and in 64 younger patients (67%, p=0.009). The proportion of patients who underwent echocardiography was similar in both groups (56% vs 66%, respectively; p=0.218). Adequate antifungal treatment within the first 48 hours was administered in16 elderly patients (36%) and 58 younger patients (61%, p=0.005). Catheter removal was carried out in 9 elderly patients (68.1%) and in 40 non-elderly patients (49%, p=0.544). Mortality was higher among elderly patients (55.6%) than non-elderly patients (36.8%; p=0.037).
Conclusions. Elderly patients account for a substantial proportion of patients suffering from candidaemia in recent years. The clinical management of these patients was less appropriate than in younger patients with respect to fundus examination and the prescription of appropriate antifungal treatment. Mortality in elderly patients was higher than in younger patients.

Rev Esp Quimioter 2017; Mar 31 [pdf]

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Rev Esp Quimioter 2017; 30(1):62-78

Diagnosis and treatment of imported eosinophilia in travellers and immigrants: Recommendations of the Spanish Society of Tropical Medicine and International Health (SEMTSI)                    

JOAQUÍN SALAS-CORONAS, GERMÁN RAMÍREZ-OLIVENCIA, JOSÉ LUIS PÉREZ-ARELLANO, MONCEF BELHASSEN-GARCÍA, CRISTINA CARRANZA-RODRÍGUEZ, MAGDALENA GARCÍA-RODRÍGUEZ, JUDIT VILLAR-GARCIA, BEGOÑA TREVIÑO-MARURI, NURIA SERRE-DELCOR, ROGELIO LÓPEZ-VÉLEZ, FRANCESCA NORMAN, JOAN GÓMEZ-JUNYENT, MANUEL JESÚS SORIANO-PÉREZ, GERARDO ROJO-MARCOS, ESPERANZA RODRÍGUEZ DE LAS PARRAS, MARÍA DEL MAR LAGO-NÚÑEZ, ANTONIO MURO, JOSÉ MUÑOZ           

According to published data, prevalence of imported eosinophilia among travellers and immigrants is set between 8% and 28.5%. Etiological diagnosis is often troublesome, and depending on the depth of the study and on the population analyzed, a parasitic cause is identified in 17% to 75.9% of the individuals. Among the difficulties encountered to compare studies are the heterogeneity of the studied populations, the type of data collection (prospective/retrospective) and different diagnostic protocols. In this document the recommendations of the expert group of the Spanish Society of Tropical Medicine and International Health (SEMTSI) for the diagnosis and treatment of imported eosinophilia are detailed.

Rev Esp Quimioter 2017; 30(1):62-78  [pdf]

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Rev Esp Quimioter 2017, Apr 5

Epidemiological surveillance for multidrug-resistant microorganisms in a general ICU                     

ANA FERNÁNDEZ-VERDUGO, JAVIER FERNÁNDEZ, DOLORES ESCUDERO, LUIS COFIÑO, LORENA FORCELLEDO,  MAURICIO TELENTI, EMILIO GARCÍA-PRIETO, RAQUEL RODRÍGUEZ-GARCÍA, LAURA ÁLVAREZ-GARCÍA, ANA PÉREZ-GARCÍA, CARLOS RODRÍGUEZ-LUCAS, FERNANDO VAZQUEZ           

Introduction. Multidrug resistant (MDR) microorganisms represent a threat for patients admitted in Intensive Care Units (ICUs). The objective of the present study is to analyse the results of epidemiological surveillance cultures for these microorganisms in one of these units.
Material and methods. General ICU. Retrospective analysis, descriptive statistics. Analysis of epidemiological surveillance cultures for MDR microorganisms in 2015. Studied microorganisms: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), ESBL-and/or carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (CESBL-KP) and MDR Acinetobacter baumannii (MDRAB).
Results. One thousand, two hundred and fifty nine patients admitted. A total of 2,234 specimens from 384 patients were analysed (690, 634, 62 and 286 were rectal, throat, nasal and skin swabs respectively). Global APACHE II was 18.3 ± 8 versus 21.7 ± 7.8 in patients colonized/infected on admission. Global mortality was 19.7% versus 22.3% in patients colonized/infected on admission. The higher sensitivities achieved with the different samples for the different microorganism detection were as follows. MRSA: 79% and 90% for nasal and nasal + throat swabs, respectively. MDRAB: 80% and 95% for throat and throat + rectal swabs, respectively. CESBL-KP: 95% and 98% for rectal and rectal + throat swabs, respectively. 94 out of the 384 patients (24.4%) were colonized/infected with MDR at admission. 134 patients (10.6% of the total patients admitted) were colonized/infected with a total of 169 MMR during the hospital stay. MRSA has the earliest colonization/infection (9.2 ± 6.4days) and ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae, the latest (18.7± 16.4 days).
Conclusions. 24.4% of patients were colonized/infected by MDR at admission. Nasal, throat and rectal swabs were the most effective specimens for recovering MRSA, MDRAB and CESBL-KP, respectively. The combination of two specimens improves MDR detection except for CESBL-KP. Skin swabs are worthless. The most prevalent MDR at admission were ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae while the most frequent hospital acquired MDR was MDRAB.

Rev Esp Quimioter 2017; Apr 5 [pdf]

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Rev Esp Quimioter 2017, 30(2):79-83

Favipiravir, a new concept of antiviral drug against influenza viruses                     

JORDI REINA, NURIA REINA           

Favipiravir (T-705) is a new antiviral drug with strong inhibitory activity on RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of most RNA virus genome. All the influenza viruses have been shown fully sensitive to this new antiviral, including genetic strains to neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir) resistance. Its mechanism of action lies in blocking viral replication and induction of lethal mutagenesis which determines the loss of infective activity of influenza viruses. Its activity is particularly intense in the respiratory tract, decreasing the viral load to non-infectious levels. Clinical trials in humans have not yet completed but have very favourable results. It seems that the best therapy would be the combination of favipiravir with oseltamivir; both antivirals are synergistic and avoid the emergence of resistance.

Rev Esp Quimioter 2017; 30(2):79-83  [pdf]

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Rev Esp Quimioter 2017, 30(2):123-126

Pulmonary co-infection due to Nocardia cyriacigeorgica and Aspergillus fumigatus                     

ROCÍO TRASTOY, TAMARA MANSO, XANA GARCÍA, GEMA BARBEITO, DANIEL NAVARRO, PEDRO RASCADO, Mª LUISA PÉREZ DEL MOLINO           

Introduction. Pulmonary nocardiosis is an uncommon pulmonary infection caused by aerobic gram-positive bacteria of the genus Nocardia.  Nocardia sp. are environmental organisms spread worldwide. Approximately 50 Nocardia species have been described to date, about 30 of which are known to cause human disease. Nocardia cyriacigeorgica was first reported in 2001.
Case report. We report a case of infection caused by N. cyriacigeorgica in a patient with B-cells non-Hodgkin lymphoma and diabetes mellitus. The microbiological findings reflect a possible co-infection by N. cyriacigeorgica and Aspergillus fumigatus.
Conclusions. Patient’s background and information related to risk factors are essential to detect the growth of Nocardia sp. in the laboratory. Furthermore, diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is particularly controversial, especially in intensive care units patients.  Taking everything into account, we will discuss a possible co-infection by N. cyriacigeorgica and A. fumigatus in a critically ill patient.

Rev Esp Quimioter 2017; 30(2):123-126  [pdf]

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