MONTSERRAT RODRÍGUEZ-AGUIRREGABIRIA, Mª JOSÉ ASENSIO-MARTÍN, KAPIL LAXMAN NANWANI-NANWANI
Published: 22 April 2022
http://www.doi.org/10.37201/req/s01.25.2022
Rev Esp Quimioter 2022; 35(Suppl. 1):117-119 [Full-text PDF]
PAULA GONZÁLEZ-JIMÉNEZ, RAÚL MÉNDEZ, ANA LATORRE
Published: 22 April 2022
http://www.doi.org/10.37201/req/s01.24.2022
Rev Esp Quimioter 2022; 35(Suppl. 1):114-116 [Full-text PDF]
LEYRE SERRANO FERNANDEZ, LUIS ALBERTO RUIZ ITURRIAGA, RAFAEL ZALACAIN JORGE
Published: 22 April 2022
http://www.doi.org/10.37201/req/s01.23.2022
Rev Esp Quimioter 2022; 35(Suppl. 1):111-113 [Full-text PDF]
CARLOS M. LUNA
Published: 22 April 2022
http://www.doi.org/10.37201/req/s01.22.2022
Adults with lung diseases, comorbidities, smokers, and elderly are at risk of lung infections and their consequences. Community-acquired pneumonia happen in more than 1% of people each year. Possible pathogens of community-acquired pneumonia include viruses, pneumococcus and atypicals. The CDC recommend vaccination throughout life to provide immunity, but vaccination rates in adults are poor.
Tetravalent and trivalent influenza vaccine is designed annually during the previous summer for the next season. The available vaccines include inactivated, adjuvant, double dose, and attenuated vaccines. Their efficacy depends on the variant of viruses effectively responsible for the outbreak each year, and other reasons.
Regarding the pneumococcal vaccine, there coexist the old polysaccharide 23-valent vaccine with the new conjugate 10-valent and 13-valent conjugate vaccines. Conjugate vaccines demonstrate their usefulness to reduce the incidence of pneumococcal pneumonia due to the serotypes present in the vaccine.
Whooping cough is still present, with high morbidity and mortality rates in young infants. Adult’s pertussis vaccine is available, it could contribute to the control of whooping cough in the most susceptible, but it is not present yet in the calendar of adults around the world.
About 10 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 have been developed in a short time, requiring emergency use authorization. A high rate of vaccination was observed in most of the countries. Booster doses became frequent after the loss of effectiveness against new variants. The future of this vaccine is yet to be written.
Rev Esp Quimioter 2022; 35(Suppl. 1):104-110 [Full-text PDF]
JESÚS FORTÚN
Published: 22 April 2022
http://www.doi.org/10.37201/req/s01.21.2022
Aspergillus spp. is the fungus most frequently producing ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), constituting 8% of
them. This risk is significantly increased in onco-hematological patients: solid organ transplant recipients, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), corticotherapy, cirrhosis, solid cancer, or viral pneumonias. The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Mycoses (EORT/MSG criteria) developed for onco-hematological patients with angioinvasive forms of aspergillosis have important limitations for broncho-pulmonary forms, such as aspergillosis cases in the ICU. In recent years, new diagnostic criteria were developed to have a greater role in broncho-alveolar lavage, especially GM and lateral flow assay (LFA). Voriconazole and isavuconazole are the first treatment option. However, drug-drug interaction, level requirements, toxicity, and QT-interval modification are limitations that may favor isavuconazole or liposomal amphotercin B in the ICU.
Rev Esp Quimioter 2022; 35(Suppl. 1):97-103 [Full-text PDF]
MIGUEL SALAVERT LLETÍ, MARTA DAFNE CABAÑERO NAVALÓN, MARIONA TASIAS PITARCH, VÍCTOR GARCÍA-BUSTOS
Published: 22 April 2022
http://www.doi.org/10.37201/req/s01.20.2022
Patients with a compromised immune system suffer a wide variety of insults. Pulmonary complications remain a major cause of both morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. When such individuals present with radiographic infiltrates, the clinician faces a diagnostic challenge. The differential diagnosis in this setting is broad and includes both infectious and non-infectious conditions. Evaluation of the immunocompromised host with diffuse pulmonary infiltrates can be difficult, frustrating, and time-consuming. This common and serious problem results in significant morbidity and mortality, approaching 90%. Infections are the most common causes of both acute and chronic lung diseases leading to respiratory failure. Non-invasive diagnostic methods for evaluation are often of little value, and an invasive procedure (such as bronchoalveolar lavage, transbronchial biopsy or even open lung biopsy) is therefore performed to obtain a microbiologic and histologic diagnosis. Bronchoscopy allows certain identification of some aetiologies, and often allows the exclusion of infectious agents. Early use of computed tomography scanning is able to demonstrate lesions missed by conventional chest X-ray. However, even when a specific diagnosis is made, it might not impact patient’s overall survival and outcomes.
Rev Esp Quimioter 2022; 35(Suppl. 1):89-96 [Full-text PDF]
PEDRO PABLO ESPAÑA YANDIOLA, ANE URANGA ETXEBERRIA, AMAIA ARTARAZ EREÑO, ANA JODAR SAMPER
Published: 22 April 2022
http://www.doi.org/10.37201/req/s01.19.2022
We shall define occupational pneumonia as a disease of external origin, closely tied to the workplace setting and caused by biological microorganisms. The main pathogens are bacteria, fungi and viruses. There are a number of occupations specifically prone to the possibility of acquiring pneumonia when performing work duties.
In addition to the diagnostic methods and drug treatments current in infectious processes, a good clinical history, with avoidance and protection measures would be the most important tools for the management of occupational pneumonia.
Social and demographic changes in the last two decades have made zoonotic infections, and especially viruses, the main cause of new infections. Human health and animal health are closely linked, so collaboration between veterinarians and doctors, together with the necessary environmental respect and conservation, plus the appropriate public policies are essential to avoid these wide negative effects.
Rev Esp Quimioter 2022; 35(Suppl. 1):82-88 [Full-text PDF]
SUSANA SANCHO, RUBÉN FORTEA, RUBÉN MARTÍN
Published: 22 April 2022
http://www.doi.org/10.37201/req/s01.18.2022
Despite the fact that the last year has been marked by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, there have been many articles published on non-COVID pneumonia. Making the selection has not been easy, having based on those articles that we think can bring us some novelty and help in clinical practice. We have divided the selection into seven sections: patient severity, diagnosis, treatment, ventilation, novelties in the guidelines, fungal infection and organ donation.
Rev Esp Quimioter 2022; 35(Suppl. 1):78-81 [Full-text PDF]
MICHAEL S. NIEDERMAN, CATIA CILLONIZ
Published: 22 April 2022
http://www.doi.org/10.37201/req/s01.17.2022
The growing population of older people worldwide represents a great challenge for health systems. The elderly are at increased risk of infectious diseases such as pneumonia, which is associated with increased morbidity and mortality related mainly to age-related physiological changes in the immune system (immunosenescence), the presence of multiple chronic comorbidities, and frailty. In pneumonia, microaspiration is recognized as the main pathogenic mechanism; while macroaspiration which refers to the aspiration of a large amount of oropharyngeal or upper gastrointestinal content passing through the vocal cords and trachea into the lungs is identified as “aspiration pneumonia”. Although there are strategies for the prevention and management of patients with pneumonia that have been shown to be effective in older people with pneumonia, more research is needed on aspiration pneumonia, its risk factors and outcomes, especially since there are no specific criteria for its diagnosis and consequently, the studies on aspiration pneumonia include heterogeneous populations.
Rev Esp Quimioter 2022; 35(Suppl. 1):73-77 [Full-text PDF]
MARÍA MOLINA-MOLINA, MARTA HERNÁNDEZ-ARGUDO
Published: 22 April 2022
http://www.doi.org/10.37201/req/s01.16.2022
The SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic represents the infection with the highest lethality, but also the one that has caused the most sequelae and multi-organ consequences, especially respiratory, in the last century. Several actions have been required in the field of respiratory and intensive care medicine to reduce mortality and chronicity. The consequences of COVID-19 are multiple and encompass different physical, emotional, organizing, and economic aspects, which will require a multidisciplinary, transversal, and collaborative approach. This review includes the observations and results of published retrospective and prospective studies on post-COVID19 respiratory sequelae, especially after severe pneumonia with associated adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
Rev Esp Quimioter 2022; 35(Suppl. 1):67-72 [Full-text PDF]
