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Rev Esp Quimioter 2018; 31 (Suppl. 1): 23-26

Changes in bacterial hospital epidemiology

MARÍA ISABEL MOROSINI, RAFAEL CANTÓN

Antibiotics’ use and prescription requires a profound review, as their inadequate administration has been one of the main forces leading to resistance as a result of overuse and misuse. Resistance is particularly challenging in nosocomial environments in which there has been a gradual change in bacterial epidemiology owing to the continuous increase of multi-drug-resistant isolates, which imply a threat to prevent and cure infections. Expertise at the time of using antibiotics, development of new diagnostic tools and the possibility of having new antimicrobials are required to stay ahead of evolving
resistance. Moreover, surveillance is also relevant to monitor antimicrobial resistance.

Rev Esp Quimioter 2018; 31(Suppl. 1): 23-26 [Full-text PDF]

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Rev Esp Quimioter 2018; 31 (Suppl. 1): 1-8

Update in Infectious Diseases 2018

FRANCISCO JAVIER CANDEL, TEODOR EMILOV, IRENE DIAZ DE LA TORRE, ALBA RUEDAS, JOSE MANUEL VIÑUELA PRIETO, CARMEN VISIEDO, JORGE MARTÍNEZ-JORDÁN, LAURA LÓPEZ-GONZÁLEZ, MAYRA MATESANZ, ANA ARRIBI

VIII Updating Course of Antimicrobials and Infectious Diseases has reviewed useful microbiological, epidemiological and clinical aspects for a current approach of infectious pathology. Present manuscript summarizes a chronicle about the main infection related meetings during 2017 (ECCMID, IAS, ASM and ID Week). In addition, the course proposed a practical approach for understanding different type of pathogens and our selected topics this year were the epidemiology of bacterial nosocomial infection, a practical approach to Clostridium difficile infection patients, a two year selection of the top ten papers about fungal infection and an update in fungal biofilms. Finally, proffesors made a practical approach by main clinical syndromes like sepsis, infections in oncohematological patients, CNS infections in immunosuppressed patients and reviewed the top ten papers in transplant infectious diseases and infection control during the last two years.

Rev Esp Quimioter 2018; 31(Suppl. 1): 1-8 [Full-text PDF]

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Rev Esp Quimioter 2018; 31(5):386-405

Epidemiology of Q fever in Spain (2018)

JOSÉ LUIS PÉREZ-ARELLANO, CRISTINA CARRANZA RODRÍGUEZ, CARLOS GUTIERREZ, MARGARITA BOLAÑOS RIVERO

Q fever is an anthropozoonosis whose causative agent is Coxiella burnetii, which has an important impact from the human and animal health point of view. In this review, a brief historical reference of the infection by C. burnetii and Q fever has been made initially. In a second section the basic epidemiological aspects of this infection are described (reservoirs/ sources of infection, form of transmission and epidemiological forms). Subsequently, the data of the infection by C. burnetii in Spain will be are indicated, particularly the clinical series, the seroepidemiological studies in humans, the affectation of different types of mammals and the participation of the ticks in the biological cycle. In addition, basic data on C. burnetii infection/ disease in other regions of the world will be are also included. Finally, and taking into account the previous data will indicate the main epidemiological characteristics of Q fever at present.

Rev Esp Quimioter 2018; 31(5):386-405 [Texto completo PDF]

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Rev Esp Quimioter 2018; 31(4): 353-362

Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in a secondary level Spanish hospital: clinical implications of high vancomycin MIC

GABRIELA ABELENDA ALONSO, MARÍA DOLORES CORBACHO LOARTE, RUTH NÚÑEZ RAMOS, MIGUEL CERVERO JIMÉNEZ, JUAN JOSÉ JUSDADO RUIZ-CAPILLAS

Background. One of the most controversial issues in recent years has been the clinical significance of high vancomycin MIC in Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. The aim of this study was to elucidate the clinical implication that this parameter has in the staphylococcal bacteremia of a second level hospital.
Material and methods. Retrospective descriptive study between January 2014 and September 2016 with 138 records from the blood culture Severo Ochoa University Hospital registry. A total of 98 cases were finally analized. Microbiological analysis of vancomycin MIC was performed using micro dilution technique.
Results. The mean age was 71.4 ± 12.45 and 63.26% of the patients had a Charlson index ≥6. A 30.61% were carriers of a venous central catheter. The most frequent source was venous central catheter (26.53%). There were 14.24% metastatic events. Global mortality rate at 30 days was 25.51%. The 43.87% of strains had a vancomycin MIC ≥ 2 mg/L. High vancomycin MIC was significantly associated with persistent bacteremia (OR 3.12 [1.13-8.93]), maintaining this statistical significance in methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) group (p =0.001) but no in methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) group (p = 0.13). Persistent bacteremia was also significantly related with permanent catheter carriers (OR 4.18 [1.38-12.61]), peripheric catheter source (OR 5.18 [1.13-8.93]) and metastatic complications (OR 3.82 [1.03- 12.81]). There was no significant association between high vancomycin MIC and mortality.
Conclusions. High vancomycin MIC may be useful in daily clinical practice as a marker of poor clearance of S. aureus bacteremia, specially when is due to MRSA strains.

Rev Esp Quimioter 2018; 31(4): 353-362 [Full-text PDF]

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Rev Esp Quimioter 2018; 31(4): 363-366

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women attending antenatal care in southern Ethiopia

JEMAL JULA, GUILLERMO GIRONES, BEYENE EDAO, CHALA DEME, JOSEFINA CEBRIAN, LIDIA BUTRÓN, FRANCISCO REYES, JOSÉ M. RAMOS

Objetives. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence and possible risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii (toxoplasmosis) infection in pregnant women attending antenatal care at Gambo General Rural Hospital, southern Ethiopia.
Methods. Hospital-based, prospective cross-sectional study. We collected 401 serum samples from September 1 to October 30, 2015, along with sociodemographic data and data on potential risk factors, using a simple random sampling technique.
Results. The overall seroprevalence of T. gondii in pregnant women (mean age 23.1 years) was 23.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] 20.0, 28.3). We did not find any significant risk factors associated with seropositivity in relation with participants’ level of education; occupation; contact with cats; consumption of raw or uncooked meat, vegetables, or milk; or type of flooring (soil versus cement) at home. The women who were aware of the risk of toxoplasma infection on the fetus had fewer T. gondii antibodies. Drinking unsafe water was as-sociated with a higher risk of toxoplasmosis (p = 0.08).
Conclusion. The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis among pregnant women was relatively lower.

Rev Esp Quimioter 2018; 31(4): 363-366 [Full-text PDF]

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Rev Esp Quimioter 2018; 31(4): 329-335

Changes in tuberculosis in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients in a Spanish tertiary hospital (1995-2013)

ANDRÉS GONZÁLEZ-GARCÍA, LORENA CARPINTERO, JESÚS FORTÚN, ENRIQUE NAVAS-ELORZA, PILAR MARTÍN-DÁVILA, SANTIAGO MORENO

Objectives. Although the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated tuberculosis (TB) has decreased, changes in other characteristics of the disease are largely unknown. To describe the trends in TB in patients infected with HIV from 1995 to 2013.
Methods. We review all cases of TB in a tertiary hospital in Madrid, Spain.
Results. Among 1,284 patients diagnosed of TB, 298 (23%) were coinfected with HIV. The prevalence of HIV infection during the period of study has decreased from 40% to 14% (p for the trend < 0.001). Clinical presentation has also changed. Although pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB has remained unchanged, miliary presentation has significantly decreased (from 36% to 22%, p = 0.005). The 4-drug regimen was the preferable scheme, with higher implementation at the end of the study period (82% from 1995-1999 to 95% in 2010-2013, p = 0.43). Factors such as treatment failure (OR: 11.7; CI 95%: 3.12-44.1) and miliary form (OR: 2.8; CI 95%; 1.09-7.3) were independently associated with TB related mortality, while the longer duration of treatment was as a protective factor (OR 0.7; CI 95%: 0.6-0.8).
Conclusions. HIV has decreased very significantly as a risk factor for the development of TB. Despite improvement in the treatment of both TB and HIV, and in overall mortality, deaths attributable to the disease in this population remain high mostly in miliary and relapsing forms.

Rev Esp Quimioter 2018; 31(4): 329-335 [Full-text PDF]

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Rev Esp Quimioter 2018; 31(4): 336-343

Role of Pneumocystis jirovecii in patients with different pulmonary underlying condition using a nested-PCR

LUCÍA MARTÍNEZ LAMAS, MARÍA TERESA PÉREZ RODRÍGUEZ, ISABEL ÁLVAREZ ÁLVAREZ, MARÍA EMILIA BOUZA SOAGE, MARÍA DEL PILAR FIGUEROA LAMAS, MAXIMILIANO ÁLVAREZ FERNÁNDEZ

Introduction. The prevalence of Pneumocystis jirovecii colonization and its role in pulmonary disease remains unclear. PCR methods have shown an improved sensitivity in the detection of this fungus. It has been suggested that the PCR results be combined with another test such as IFA to create a diagnostic algorithm.
Material and methods. A multiplex nested-PCR procedure with a 16S rRNA gene as the internal amplification control was evaluated to determine the role of P. jirovecii in pulmonary disease.
Results. A 20% of the 199 bronchoalveolar lavage samples were PCR-positive, 13.5% samples were PCR-inhibited, and the rate of Pneumocystis-colonisation was 6.4%. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of the nested-PCR were 100%, 93%, 70% and 100%, respectively. The sensitivity of the nested-PCR was higher than the current “gold standard” immunofluorescence assay (IFA) (p< 0.0001). PCR-negative and PCR-positive patients did not show any clinical or radiological differences in the medical variables studied.
Conclusion. PCR could help the diagnosis of Pneumocystis pulmonary disease given the high negative predictive value of the technique. P. jirovecii DNA can frequently be detected in healthy population, so the analysis of the patient medical history is critical to make the correct clinical decision.

Rev Esp Quimioter 2018; 31(4): 336-343 [Full-text PDF]

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Rev Esp Quimioter 2018; 31(4): 316-322

Assessment of the severity scores in patients included in a sepsis code in an Emergency Departament

ALBERTO REDONDO-GONZÁLEZ, MARÍA VARELA-PATIÑO, JESÚS ÁLVAREZ-MANZANARES, JOSÉ RAMÓN OLIVA-RAMOS, RAÚL LÓPEZ-IZQUIERDO, CARMEN RAMOS-SÁNCHEZ, JOSÉ MARÍA EIROS

Objectives. The objective of the study is to determine the usefulness of the SOFA (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment), quick SOFA (qSOFA), LODS (Logistic Organ Dysfunction System) and EWS (Early Warning Score) scores to predict in-hospital mortality among septic patients attended in the emergency department; to evaluate what factors are associated with mortality; and develop a predictive model of in-hospital mortality.
Material and methods. Retrospective study including patients over 14 years of age included in the sepsis code of an Emergency Department of a University Hospital between November 2013 and September 2015. Demographic variables, hemodynamic and analytical variables, and in-hospital mortality were collected to obtain qSOFA, SOFA, LODS, EWS scores. Receiver operating characteristic curves were constructed for each score. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the probability of in-hospital mortality.
Results. A total of 349 patients were analyzed, median age 72.7 (range 86), males: 54.4%. The in-hospital mortality was 21.8%. AUC obtained: LODS: 0.73 (IC 95% 0.67-0.80; p<0.001), EWS: 0.73 (IC 95% 0.65-0.81; p<0.001), SOFA: 0.72 (IC 95% 0.65- 0.78; p<0.001), qSOFA: 0.67 (IC 95% 0.58-0.76; p<0.001). After the multivariate analysis, these were the independent factors associated with in-hospital mortality: Oxygen saturation ≤92%, Glasgow coma score <14, lactate ≥2mmol/L (p<0.05). Two prognostic models were generated: MPRO1: age, oxygen saturation ≤92% and Glasgow coma score <14, AUC: 0.78 (IC 95% 0.72-0.84; p<0.001) and MPRO2 formed by the previous ones and lactate ≥2mmol/L, AUC: 0.82 (IC 95% 0.76-0.87; p<0.001)
Conclusions. SOFA score and the new developed scores could be useful in asses the risk of in-hospital mortality in patients included in the sepsis code.

Rev Esp Quimioter 2018; 31(4): 316-322 [Texto completo PDF]

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Rev Esp Quimioter 2018; 31(4): 298-315

Current aspects in sepsis approach. Turning things around

FRANCISCO JAVIER CANDEL, MARCIO BORGES SÁ, SYLVIA BELDA, GERMÁN BOU, JOSÉ LUIS DEL POZO, ORIOL ESTRADA, RICARD FERRER, JUAN GONZÁLEZ DEL CASTILLO, AGUSTÍN JULIÁN-JIMÉNEZ, IGNACIO MARTÍN-LOECHES, EMILIO MASEDA, MAYRA MATESANZ, PAULA RAMÍREZ, JOSÉ TOMÁS RAMOS, JORDI RELLO, BORJA SUBERVIOLA, ALEJANDRO SUÁREZ DE LA RICA, PABLO VIDAL

The incidence and prevalence of sepsis depend on the definitions and records that we use and we may be underestimating their impact. Up to 60% of the cases come from the community and in 30-60% we obtain microbiological information. Sometimes its presentation is ambiguous and there may be a delay in its detection, especially in the fragile population. Procalcitonin is the most validated biomarker for bacterial sepsis and the one that best discriminates the non-infectious cause. Presepsin and pro-adrenomedullin are useful for early diagnosis, risk stratification and prognosis in septic patients. The combination of biomarkers is even more useful to clarify an infectious cause than any isolated biomarker. Resuscitation with artificial colloids has worse results than crystalloids, especially in patients with renal insufficiency. The combination of saline solution and balanced crystalloids is associated with a better prognosis. Albumin is only recommended in patients who require a large volume of fluids. The modern molecular methods on the direct sample or the identification by MALDI-TOF on positive blood culture have helped to shorten the response times in diagnosis, to optimize the antibiotic treatment and to facilitate stewardship programs. The hemodynamic response in neonates and children is different from that in adults. In neonatal sepsis, persistent pulmonary hypertension leads to an increase in right ventricular afterload and heart failure with hepatomegaly. Hypotension, poor cardiac output with elevated systemic vascular resistance (cold shock) is often a terminal sign in septic shock. Developing ultra-fast Point-of-Care tests (less than 30 minutes), implementing technologies based on omics, big data or massive sequencing or restoring “healthy” microbiomes in critical patients after treatment are the main focuses of research in sepsis. The main benefits of establishing a sepsis code are to decrease the time to achieve diagnosis and treatment, improve organization, unify criteria, promote teamwork to achieve common goals, increase participation, motivation and satisfaction among team members, and reduce costs.

Rev Esp Quimioter 2018; 31(4): 298-315 [Full-text PDF]

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Rev Esp Quimioter 2018; 31(4): 344-352

Vaccination of pregnant women in the Valencian Community during the 2014-15 influenza season: a multicentre study

JOSÉ TUELLS, NOELIA RODRÍGUEZ-BLANCO, JOSÉ LUIS DURO TORRIJOS, RAFAEL VILA-CANDEL, ANDREU NOLASCO BONMATI

Background. To study influenza vaccination uptake in pregnant women from three Health Departments in the Valencian Community (Spain) during the 2014-15 flu season, to identify degree of knowledge, sources of information and attitudes toward immunization against influenza.
Methods. Multicentre cross-sectional descriptive study during the 2014-15 vaccination campaign. Vaccine coverage was determined using the Nominal Vaccination Registry (NVR). Subsequently, a telephone survey was carried out on a sample of vaccinated and unvaccinated postpartum women.
Results. The NVR had information on 934 (59.5%) out of 1,569 postpartum women; distribution per Health Departments was: 420 (44.9%), 161 (17.2%) and 353 (37.8%) in La Ribera, Torrevieja and Elx-Crevillent respectively. Vaccine uptake was 27.9% (n = 261). According to the “Country of Origin” variable, 77.5% (n = 724) of women were Spanish, with a vaccination rate of 26.7% (n = 193), compared to 22.5% (n = 210) who were non-Spanish, with a rate of 32.4% (n = 68). The main source of information was midwives for 83.7% (n = 159) of vaccinated pregnant women and for 44.6% (n = 127) of non-vaccinated women. The main reasons for vaccine refusal were lack of awareness (29.5%, n = 84) and not considering it necessary (25.6%, n = 73).
Conclusion. Despite their high willingness to be vaccinated after receiving information about the flu vaccine, the vaccination coverage in pregnant women studied is still low and can be improved. Health professionals need new information strategies to extend vaccine uptake to a larger number of pregnant women in Spain. Midwife advice plays an essential role in transmitting information on influenza vaccination in pregnant women and has a significant impact on uptake.

Rev Esp Quimioter 2018; 31(4): 344-352 [Full-text PDF]

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