Rev Esp Quimioter 2016, 29(Suppl. 1):72-75

Resistance to the antimalarial drugs                     

EMMANUELE VENANZI, ROGELIO LÓPEZ-VÉLEZ          

Malaria is one of the most widespread infectious diseases around the world with 214 million cases and 438,000 deaths in 2015. In the early twentieth century it was described for the first time the resistance to quinine and, since then, drug resistance to antimalarial drugs has spread up to represent a global challenge in the fight and control of malaria. Understanding the mechanisms, geography and monitoring tools that we can act against resistance to antimalarial drugs is critical to prevent its expansion.

Rev Esp Quimioter 2016; 29(Suppl. 1):72-75 [pdf]

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Rev Esp Quimioter 2017; 30(1):14-18

Assessment of antibiotic prophylaxis adequacy in rectal surgery                    

JUAN ANTONIO DEL-MORAL-LUQUE, ENRIQUE COLÁS-RUIZ, PABLO GIL-YONTE, JOSÉ MARÍA FERNÁNDEZ-CEBRIÁN, MARÍA CONCEPCIÓN VILLAR-DEL-CAMPO, ALBERTO DELGADO-IRIBARREN, JOSÉ FRANCISCO VALVERDE-CÁNOVAS, GIL RODRÍGUEZ-CARAVACA           

Introduction. Antibiotic prophylaxis is the most suitable tool for preventing surgical site infection (SSI), so the development of guidelines and assessment of its monitoring is essential. In this study protocol compliance of antibiotic prophylaxis in rectal surgery and the effect of its adequacy in terms of pre-ention of SSI was assessed.
Material and methods. Prospective cohort study was conducted from 1 January 2009 to 30 December 2015. The degree of compliance with antibiotic prophylaxis and causes of non-compliance in rectal surgery was evaluated. The incidence of SSI was studied after a maximum period of 30 days of incubation. To assess the effect of prophylaxis non-compliance on SSI the relative risk (RR) adjusted with the aid of a logistic regression model was used.
Results. The study covered a total of 244 patients. The patients infected reached 20 cases with a SSI cumulative incidence of 8.2% (CI95%: 4.8-11.6). Antibiotic prophylaxis was indicated in all patients and was administered in 98% of cases, with an overall protocol compliance 92.5%. The principal cause of non-compliance was the choice of antibiotic 55.6% (n=10). The effect of inadequacy of antibiotic prophylaxis on surgical infection was RR=0.58, CI95%: 0.10-4.10 (P>0.05).
Conclusions. Compliance with antibiotic prophylaxis was high. No relationship between the adequacy of prophylaxis and incidence of surgical site infection in rectal surgery was found.

Rev Esp Quimioter 2017; 30(1):14-18  [pdf]

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Rev Esp Quimioter 2017, Mar 29

A rapid validated UV-HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of the antiretroviral compounds darunavir and raltegravir in their dosage form                     

GABRIEL ESTAN-CEREZO, ANA GARCÍA-MONSALVE, LETICIA SORIANO-IRIGARAY, FRANCISCO JOSÉ RODRÍGUEZ-LUCENA, ANDRÉS NAVARRO-RUIZ           

Introduction. A rapid, simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with ultraviolet detection has been developed for quantification of darunavir and raltegravir in their pharmaceutical dosage form.
Material and methods. The assay enables the measurement of both drugs with a linear calibration curve (R2= 0.999) over the concentration range 5–100 mg/L. The determination was performed on an analytical Tracer Excel 120 ODSB (15×0.4.6 cm) column at 35ºC. The selected wavelength was 254 nm. The mobile phase was a mixture of 0.037 M sodium dihydrogen phosphate buffer, acetonitrile and methanol (40:50:10, v/v/v) at a flow rate of 2.0 mL/min Nevirapine (50 mg/L) was used as internal standard.
Results. Accuracy, intra-day repeatability (n = 5), and inter-day precision (n = 3) were found to be satisfactory, being the accuracy  from -4.33 to 3.88% and precisions were intra-day and inter-day, 0.25% and 4.42% respectively in case of darunavir. Raltegravir intra-day and inter-day precisions lower of 1.01 and 2.36%, respectively and accuracy values bet from -4.02 to 1.06%.
Conclusions. Determination of the darunavir and raltegravir in their dosage form was done with a maximum deviation of 4%. This analytical method is rapid, easily implantable and offers good results..

Rev Esp Quimioter 2017; Mar 29 [pdf]

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Rev Esp Quimioter 2015:28(2):86-91

Detection of unusual uropathogens during a period of three years in a regional hospital                                 
 


CRISTINA GÓMEZ-CAMARASA, CARMEN LIÉBANA-MARTOS, JOSÉ MARÍA NAVARRO-MARÍ, JOSÉ GUTIÉRREZ-FERNÁNDEZ              

 

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most fre-quent both in the community and in hospitals infectious diseases. The etiology of urinary tract infections is well established but may vary depending on various factors such as age, the presence of underlying diseases such as diabetes, instrumental procedures such as urinary catheterization or exposure to antibiotics or previous hospitalizations.  UTIs diagnosed cases were retrospectively reviewed for unusual microorganisms over a period of 3 years (2011-2013) in the Microbiology Laboratory of the Hospital Virgen de las Nieves of Granada (Spain), following the standard operating procedure, which we describe four cases caused by Trichosporon asahii, Aerococcus urinae, Pasteurella bettyae and Neisseria sicca. Hence the importance of having in the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory of the tools necessary to detection UTIs and reach a correct identification in all cases.

Rev Esp Quimioter 2015:28(2):86-91 [pdf]

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Rev Esp Quimioter 2015:28(4):210-213

In vitro antifungal susceptibility profile of Scopulariopsis brevicaulis isolated from onychomycosis     

                        
ALFONSO JAVIER CARRILLO-MUÑOZ, CRISTINA TUR-TUR, DÉLIA CÁRDENES, FLORENCIA ROJAS, GUSTAVO GIUSIANO              

We studied the in vitro antifungal activity profile of amorolfine (AMR), bifonazole (BFZ), clotrimazole (CLZ), econazole (ECZ), fluconazole (FNZ), itraconazole (ITZ), ketoconazole (KTZ), miconazole (MNZ), oxiconazole (OXZ), tioconazole (TCZ) and terbinafine (TRB)  against 26 clinical isolates of Scopulariopsis brevicaulis from patients with onychomycosis by means of an standardized microdilution method. Although this opportunistic filamentous fungi was reported as resistant to several broad-spectrum antifungals agents, obtained data shows a better fungistatic in vitro activity of AMR, OXZ and TRB (0.08, 0.3, and 0.35 mg/L, respectively) in comparison to that of CLZ (0.47 mg/L), ECZ (1.48 mg/L), MNZ (1.56 mg/L, BFZ (2.8 mg/L), TCZ (3.33 mg/L), KTZ (3.73 mg/L). FNZ (178.47 mg/L) and ITZ (4.7 mg/L) showed a reduced in vitro antifungal activity against S. brevicaulis. Obtained MICs show the low in vitro antifungal susceptibility of S. brevicaulis to topical drugs for onychomycosis management, with exceptions (AMR, OZX and TRB).

Rev Esp Quimioter 2015:28(4):210-213 [pdf]

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Rev Esp Quimioter 2015:28(5):225-234

Noma/Cancrum oris: a neglected disease     

                        
MARÍA GARCÍA-MORO, ENRIQUE GARCÍA-MERINO, ÁNGEL MARTÍN-DEL-REY, ENRIQUE GARCÍA-SÁNCHEZ, JOSÉ ELÍAS GARCÍA- SÁNCHEZ              

Noma is an aggressive orofacial gangrenous pathology that damages hard and soft tissues of the mouth and the face. Throughout the centuries it has been present around the globe, but nowadays it has practically disappeared from developed countries and mainly affects children from the most disadvantaged places, especially in Africa. Noma disease is a multifactorial process; malnutrition, debilitating diseases (bacterial or viral systemic diseases, HIV-associated immunosuppression, etc.) and intraoral infections are some of the factors implied. The characteristic tissue necrosis is produced by a polymicrobial infection. Fusobacterium necrophorum, Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella melaninogenica, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacillus cereus, Trueperella pyogenes, spyrochetes, etc, are some of the species that have been isolated from the affected areas. Without treatment, noma is lethal in a short period of time, and the patients that survive show severe sequelae that hinder their life and interpersonal relationships. The aim of this paper is to unify the existing information and to promote wider knowledge and awareness among the population.

Rev Esp Quimioter 2015:28(5):225-234 [pdf]

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Rev Esp Quimioter 2016;29(1):25-31

Dual therapy as an alternative treatment in HIV pretreatred patients: experience in a tertiary hospital     

                        
 LUCIA YUNQUERA-ROMERO, ROCÍO ASENSI-DÍEZ, MACARENA GAJARDO-ÁLVAREZ, ISABEL MUÑOZ-CASTILLO              

Introduction. Dual therapy regimen might be an effective alternative to prevent the occurrence of side effects and comorbidities associated with prolonged treatment with antiretroviral (ARV) and a way of simplification of antiretroviral therapy (ART) to improve adherence in certain patients. It also represents a potential treatment option for patients who have failed previous TAR.
Methods. The aim of the study is to describe the effectiveness, adherence and costs of dual therapy regimen used in pretreated HIV patients in tertiary hospital.
Results. Thirty-eight patients were studied (eight were excluded). Reasons for simplification to dual therapy were previous treatment toxicity (40%), simplification (36.67%) and virological rescue (20%). The dual therapy regimens most used were: IP/r + INSTIs (26.67%), IP/r + NRTIs (23.33%), IP/r + NNR-TIs (23.33%), IP/r+ CCR5 (16.66%) e INSTIs + NNRTIs (10%). ARV more used were darunavir/ritonavir (DRV/r) + raltegravir (23.33 %); DRV/r + lamivudine (20%) y DRV/r + etravirine (16.67 %). Adherence was 86.79% before switching to dual therapy and 96.27% after switching. The cost savings of switching to dual therapy of these patients was € 3,635.16.
Discussion. Dual therapy with IP/r might be an effective alternative to selected treatment experienced patients compared with conventional therapy.

Rev Esp Quimioter 2016;29(1):25-31 [pdf]

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Rev Esp Quimioter 2016, 29(3):151-154

Identification and in vitro antifungal susceptibility of vaginal Candida spp. isolates to fluconazole, clotrimazole, and nystatin   

                    
MARIA CRISTINA DIAZ, ROSSANNA CAMPONOVO, INGRID ARAYA, ANN CERDA, MARÍA PAOLA SANTANDER, ALFONSO-JAVIER CARRILLO-MUÑOZ             

Objective. The aim of this study was to identify and determine the in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing to clotrimazole, fluconazole, and nystatin of 145 clinical isolates of Candida spp.
Material and methods. M27-A3 microdilution method was used to determine minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and partial MICs (MIC50 and MIC90) of drugs. A total of 145 isolates were studied, 126 were C. albicans, 16 C. glabrata, 2 C. parapsilosis y 1 C. tropicalis.
Results. MIC50 and MIC90 for FLZ against C. albicans were 0.25 mg/L and 1 mg/L respectively and for C. glabrata was achieved at 8 mg/L and 16 mg/L for fluconazole. Five isolates of C. albicans and one isolate of C. tropicalis were in vitro resistant to fluconazole (M27-S4). In C. albicans MIC50 and MIC90 for clotrimazole were of 0.03 mg/L and 0.06 mg/L, respectively. These values for C. glabrata were 0.25 mg/L and 1 mg/L, respectively. Five C. glabrata and 1 C. tropicalis were in vitro resistant to clotrimazole. MIC50 and MIC90 of nystatin were of 1 mg/L and 2 mg/L, respectively for C. albicans and C. glabrata.
Conclusion. In this study, C. albicans is the most frequently isolated yeast, followed by C. glabrata. The antifungals tested were found to be in vitro active for the isolates, except for 6 isolates for fluconazole and 6 to clotrimazole.

Rev Esp Quimioter 2016; 29(3):151-154 [pdf]

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Rev Esp Quimioter 2016, 29(Suppl. 1):1-5

Update in Infectious Diseases 2016                     

FRANCISCO JAVIER CANDEL, ANA BELÉN GARCÍA-GARCÍA, MARINA PEÑUELAS, ANA GARCÍA-ALVAREZ, FLAVIA CHIARELLA, LAURA LÓPEZ-GONZÁLEZ, CRISTINA GARCÍA-SALGUERO, CLARA LEJÁRRAGA, ICIAR RODRÍGUEZ-AVIAL          

Antimicrobial resistance increases it health, social and economic impact. in all areas (state, regional and local), initiatives to try to contain the problem of resistance arise. In the update of this year 2016, we study microbiological, epidemiological and clinical aspects of multi-resistant bacteria, as well as resources for therapeutic approach, from ancient to modern drugs from therapeutic combinations to optimization Stewardship programs. In the case of fungal infection, we analyze clinical scenarios with different species in yeast or new clinical settings in filamentous fungi. Taking paediatric population, homologies and differences with adults in invasive fungal infection were compared. Finally in the field of parasitology, treatment of severe malaria imported or that resistant to antimalarial drugs were reviewed.

Rev Esp Quimioter 2016; 29(Suppl. 1):1-5 [pdf]

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Rev Esp Quimioter 2016, 29(5):259-264

The use of ertapenem for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in routine hospital practice: a matched cohort study                     

DOLORES SOUSA, JOSÉ MARÍA BRAVO-FERRER, TERESA SEOANE-PILLADO, PATRICIA VÁZQUEZ-RODRÍGUEZ, LUCÍA RAMOS-MERINO, JOSÉ MARÍA GUTIÉRREZ-URBÓN, SALVADOR PITA, PEDRO LLINARES          

Background. The clinical response to ertapenem in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) at the setting of routine hospital practice has been scarcely evaluated.
Methods. We retrospectively compared CAP cases treated with ertapenem or with other standard antimicrobials (controls) at a tertiary 1,434-bed center from 2005 to 2014.
Results. Out of 6,145 patients hospitalized with CAP, 64 (1%) ertapenem-treated and 128 controls were studied (PSI IV-V 72%, mean age 73 years.). A significant higher proportion of bedridden patients (41% vs. 21%), residence in nursing homes (19% vs. 7%), previous use of antibiotics (39% vs. 29%) and necrotizing (13% vs. 1%) or complicated (36% vs. 19%) pneumonia, was observed in the ertapenem vs. non-ertapenem patients. Initial treatment with ertapenem was independently associated with an earlier resolution of signs of infection. In patients aged 65 or older the independent risks factors for mortality were: PSI score (7.0, 95%CI 1.8-27.7), bedridden status (4.6, 95%CI 1.1-20.9) and Health Care Associated Pneumonia (HCAP) (4.6, 95%CI 1.3-16.5). First-line treatment with ertapenem was an independent protector factor in this subgroup of patients (0.1, 95%CI 0.1-0.7).
Conclusions. Ertapenem showed a superior clinical response in frail elderly patients with complicated community-acquired pneumonia, and it may be considered as a first-line therapeutic regimen in this setting.

Rev Esp Quimioter 2016; 29(5):259-264 [pdf]

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